Phineas Gage
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The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints. (February 2014) |
| Phineas P. Gage | |
|---|---|
The first identified (2009) portrait of Gage, here with his "constant companion for the remainder of his life"[citation needed]—his inscribed tamping iron.[A]
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| Born | July 9, 1823 (date uncertain) Grafton Co., New Hampshire[B] |
| Died | May 21, 1860 (aged 36) In or near San Francisco |
Cause of death
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Status epilepticus |
Resting place
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| Residence | |
| Occupation |
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| Known for | Personality change after brain injury |
| Home town | Lebanon, New Hampshire[B] |
| Spouse(s) | None |
| Children | None[1]:319,327 |
Long known as "the American Crowbar Case", once termed "the case which more than all others is calculated to excite our wonder, impair the value of prognosis, and even to subvert our physiological doctrines"[2] Phineas Gage influenced 19th-century discussion about the mind and brain, particularly debate on cerebral localization, and was perhaps the first case to suggest that damage to specific parts of the brain might affect personality.[1]:ch7-9[3]
Gage is a fixture in the curricula of neurology, psychology and related disciplines, and is frequently mentioned in books and academic papers; he even has a minor place in popular culture.[4] Despite this celebrity[5] the body of established fact about Gage and what he was like (before or after his injury) is small, which has allowed "the fitting of almost any theory [desired] to the small number of facts we have"[1]:290—Gage having been cited, over the years, in support of various theories of the brain entirely inconsistent with one another. A survey of published accounts, including scientific ones, has found that they almost always severely distort Gage's behavioral changes, exaggerating the known facts when not directly contradicting them.
Two photographs of Gage, and a physician's report of his physical and mental condition late in life, were published in 2009 and 2010. This new evidence indicates that Gage's most serious mental changes may have been temporary, so that in later life he was far more functional, and socially far better adjusted, than was previously assumed. A social recovery hypothesis suggests that Gage's employment as a stagecoach driver in Chile provided daily structure allowing him to relearn lost social and personal skills.
pertinacious
ˌpəːtɪˈneɪʃəs/
adjective
formal
adjective: pertinacious
- 1.holding firmly to an opinion or a course of action."he worked with a pertinacious resistance to interruptions"
synonyms: determined, tenacious, persistent, persevering, assiduous, purposeful, resolute, dogged, indefatigable, insistent, single-minded, unrelenting, relentless, implacable, uncompromising, unyielding, tireless, unshakeable, importunate, stubborn, stubborn as a mule, mulish, obstinate, obdurate, strong-willed, headstrong, inflexible, unbending, intransigent, intractable, pig-headed, bull-headed, stiff-necked, with one's toes/feet dug in, wilful, refractory, contrary, perverse; More
antonyms: irresolute, tentative
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Pertinacious - Merriam-Webster Online
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pertinacious
a : adhering resolutely to an opinion, purpose, or design. b : perversely persistentFrom which opera or musical is the song "time to say goodbye" which is sung often by sarah brightman?
the famous song which has italian and english parts.Sarah brightman
sings this song very often..Does it belong to an opera or musical or is
it just a song on its own?
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